Article Sidebar
Submitted
February 10, 2021
Accepted
February 23, 2021
Published
March 15, 2021
Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 348
Download : 208
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Main Article Content
Abstract
With the rapid development and popularization of laparoscopic and robotic radical gastrectomy, gastric cancer surgery has gradually entered a new era of precise minimally invasive surgery. The era of precision medicine has put forth new requirements for minimally invasive surgical treatment of patients with gastric cancer at different disease stages. For patients with early gastric cancer, avoiding surgical trauma caused by excessive lymph node dissection improves quality of life while pursuing radical treatment of the tumor. In patients with advanced gastric cancer, systematic lymph node dissection can be achieved without increasing surgical complications. With the successful application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging technology in minimally invasive surgical instrumentation in recent years, researchers have found that ICG fluorescence imaging yields good tissue penetration and can identify lymph nodes in fat tissue better than other dyes. Therefore, whether ICG fluorescence imaging technology can guide surgeons in performing safe and effective lymph node dissection has attracted much attention. The present review discusses the clinical applications and research progress of ICG tracer-guided lymph node dissection in patients with gastric cancer.
Keywords
indocyanine green; gastric cancer; minimally invasive surgery; precision medicine; lymph node
Article Details
How to Cite
Zhong, Q., Huang, C.-M., Chen, Q.-Y. ., Lin, J.-X. ., Xie, J.-W. ., Li, P. ., & Zheng, C.-H. . (2021). Current Status of Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Dissection in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Gastric Cancer. Journal of Gastric Surgery, 3(1), ONLINE FIRST. https://doi.org/10.36159/jgs.v3i1.76
References
-
1. Bray F, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 2018.
2. Kitano S, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted Billroth I gastrectomy. Surgical laparoscopy & endoscopy 1994;4:146-8.
3. Yu J, et al. Effect of Laparoscopic vs Open Distal Gastrectomy on 3-Year Disease-Free Survival in Patients With Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: The CLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 2019;321:1983-92.
4. Kim HH, et al. Effect of Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy vs Open Distal Gastrectomy on Long-term Survival Among Patients With Stage I Gastric Cancer: The KLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA oncology 2019.
5. Gioux S, et al. Image-guided surgery using invisible near-infrared light: fundamentals of clinical translation. Molecular imaging 2010;9:237-55.
6. Schaafsma BE, et al. The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery. J Surg Oncol 2011;104:323-32.
7. Vahrmeijer AL, et al. Image-guided cancer surgery using near-infrared fluorescence. Nature reviews Clinical oncology 2013;10:507-18.
8. FDA. Product Insert: Indocyanine Green (IC-Green TM ) [online]. http:// www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/011525s017lbl.pdf. 2013.
9. Landsman ML, et al. Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. Journal of applied physiology 1976;40:575-83.
10. Kong SH, et al. Evaluation of the novel near-infrared fluorescence tracers pullulan polymer nanogel and indocyanine green/γ-glutamic acid complex for sentinel lymph node navigation surgery in large animal models. Gastric Cancer 2015;18:55-64.
11. Hiratsuka M, et al. Application of sentinel node biopsy to gastric cancer surgery. Surgery 2001;129:335-40.
12. Miyashiro I, et al. Detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging: comparison with infrared imaging. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1640-3.
13. Tajima Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in gastric cancer. Ann Surg 2009;249:58-62.
14. Tajima Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging during laparoscopic surgery in gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1787-93.
15. Chen QY, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Dissection During Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy in Patients With Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA surgery 2020.
16. Association JGC. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 2020.
17. Chen D, et al. Association of the Collagen Signature in the Tumor Microenvironment With Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Gastric Cancer. JAMA surgery 2019;154:e185249.
18. Tani T, et al. Sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for gastric cancer: Does it really benefit the patient? World journal of gastroenterology 2016;22:2894-9.
19. Miyashiro I, et al. Laparoscopic detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. Surgical endoscopy 2011;25:1672-6.
20. M H, et al. Diagnostic value of near-infrared or fluorescent indocyanine green guided sentinel lymph node mapping in gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of surgical oncology 2018;118:1243-56.
21. Miyashiro I, et al. High false-negative proportion of intraoperative histological examination as a serious problem for clinical application of sentinel node biopsy for early gastric cancer: final results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group multicenter trial JCOG0302. Gastric Cancer 2014;17:316-23.
22. Hatta W, et al. Is radical surgery necessary in all patients who do not meet the curative criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection in early gastric cancer? A multi-center retrospective study in Japan. Journal of gastroenterology 2017;52:175-84.
23. Roh CK, et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography during gastrectomy after initial endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. The British journal of surgery 2020.
24. Ajani JA, et al. Gastric Cancer, Version 4.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Jnccn 2019:MS-11-4.
25. Kim TH, et al. Assessment of the Completeness of Lymph Node Dissection Using Near-infrared Imaging with Indocyanine Green in Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Journal of gastric cancer 2018;18:161-71.
26. Kwon IG, et al. Fluorescent Lymphography-Guided Lymphadenectomy During Robotic Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. JAMA surgery 2019;154:150-8.
27. Huang CM, et al. Prognostic impact of dissected lymph node count on patients with node-negative gastric cancer. World journal of gastroenterology 2009;15:3926-30.
28. Smith DD, et al. Impact of total lymph node count on staging and survival after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: data from a large US-population database. Journal of Clinical Oncology Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2005;23:7114.
29. Son T, et al. Clinical implication of an insufficient number of examined lymph nodes after curative resection for gastric cancer. Cancer 2012;118:4687-93.
30. Seevaratnam R, et al. A meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 lymph node dissection. Gastric Cancer 2012;15:60-9.
31. Chance B. Near-infrared images using continuous, phase-modulated, and pulsed light with quantitation of blood and blood oxygenation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;838:29-45.
32. Cianchi F, et al. The Clinical Value of Fluorescent Lymphography with Indocyanine Green During Robotic Surgery for Gastric Cancer: a Matched Cohort Study. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2019.
33. Lan YT, et al. A pilot study of lymph node mapping with indocyanine green in robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. 2017;5:2050312117727444.
34. Patti MG and Herbella FA. Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Retrieval During Radical Dissection in Gastric Cancer Surgery. JAMA surgery 2020.
35. Bonenkamp JJ, et al. Quality control of lymph node dissection in the Dutch randomized trial of D1 and D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:152-9.
36. De Steur WO, et al. Quality control of lymph node dissection in the Dutch Gastric Cancer Trial. British Journal of Surgery 2015;102:1388-93.
37. Park YK, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted versus Open D2 Distal Gastrectomy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Results From a Randomized Phase II Multicenter Clinical Trial (COACT 1001). Ann Surg 2018;267:638-45.
38. Claassen YHM, et al. Surgicopathological Quality Control and Protocol Adherence to Lymphadenectomy in the CRITICS Gastric Cancer Trial. Ann Surg 2018;268:1008-13.
39. Claassen YHM, et al. Association between hospital volume and quality of gastric cancer surgery in the CRITICS trial. The British journal of surgery 2018;105:728-35.
40. Chen QY, et al. Laparoscopic total gastrectomy for upper-middle advanced gastric cancer: analysis based on lymph node noncompliance. Gastric Cancer 2020;23:184-94.
41. Eom BW, et al. Improved survival after adding dissection of the superior mesenteric vein lymph node (14v) to standard D2 gastrectomy for advanced distal gastric cancer. Surgery 2014;155:408-16.
42. Chen QY, et al. Safety and prognostic impact of prophylactic laparoscopic superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v) lymph node dissection for lower-third gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched case-control study. Surgical endoscopy 2018;32:1495-505.
43. Skubleny D, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of sentinel lymph node biopsy using indocyanine green and infrared or fluorescent imaging in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgical endoscopy 2018;32:2620-31.
References
1. Bray F, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 2018.
2. Kitano S, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted Billroth I gastrectomy. Surgical laparoscopy & endoscopy 1994;4:146-8.
3. Yu J, et al. Effect of Laparoscopic vs Open Distal Gastrectomy on 3-Year Disease-Free Survival in Patients With Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: The CLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 2019;321:1983-92.
4. Kim HH, et al. Effect of Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy vs Open Distal Gastrectomy on Long-term Survival Among Patients With Stage I Gastric Cancer: The KLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA oncology 2019.
5. Gioux S, et al. Image-guided surgery using invisible near-infrared light: fundamentals of clinical translation. Molecular imaging 2010;9:237-55.
6. Schaafsma BE, et al. The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery. J Surg Oncol 2011;104:323-32.
7. Vahrmeijer AL, et al. Image-guided cancer surgery using near-infrared fluorescence. Nature reviews Clinical oncology 2013;10:507-18.
8. FDA. Product Insert: Indocyanine Green (IC-Green TM ) [online]. http:// www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/011525s017lbl.pdf. 2013.
9. Landsman ML, et al. Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. Journal of applied physiology 1976;40:575-83.
10. Kong SH, et al. Evaluation of the novel near-infrared fluorescence tracers pullulan polymer nanogel and indocyanine green/γ-glutamic acid complex for sentinel lymph node navigation surgery in large animal models. Gastric Cancer 2015;18:55-64.
11. Hiratsuka M, et al. Application of sentinel node biopsy to gastric cancer surgery. Surgery 2001;129:335-40.
12. Miyashiro I, et al. Detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging: comparison with infrared imaging. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1640-3.
13. Tajima Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in gastric cancer. Ann Surg 2009;249:58-62.
14. Tajima Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging during laparoscopic surgery in gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1787-93.
15. Chen QY, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Dissection During Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy in Patients With Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA surgery 2020.
16. Association JGC. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 2020.
17. Chen D, et al. Association of the Collagen Signature in the Tumor Microenvironment With Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Gastric Cancer. JAMA surgery 2019;154:e185249.
18. Tani T, et al. Sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for gastric cancer: Does it really benefit the patient? World journal of gastroenterology 2016;22:2894-9.
19. Miyashiro I, et al. Laparoscopic detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. Surgical endoscopy 2011;25:1672-6.
20. M H, et al. Diagnostic value of near-infrared or fluorescent indocyanine green guided sentinel lymph node mapping in gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of surgical oncology 2018;118:1243-56.
21. Miyashiro I, et al. High false-negative proportion of intraoperative histological examination as a serious problem for clinical application of sentinel node biopsy for early gastric cancer: final results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group multicenter trial JCOG0302. Gastric Cancer 2014;17:316-23.
22. Hatta W, et al. Is radical surgery necessary in all patients who do not meet the curative criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection in early gastric cancer? A multi-center retrospective study in Japan. Journal of gastroenterology 2017;52:175-84.
23. Roh CK, et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography during gastrectomy after initial endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. The British journal of surgery 2020.
24. Ajani JA, et al. Gastric Cancer, Version 4.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Jnccn 2019:MS-11-4.
25. Kim TH, et al. Assessment of the Completeness of Lymph Node Dissection Using Near-infrared Imaging with Indocyanine Green in Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Journal of gastric cancer 2018;18:161-71.
26. Kwon IG, et al. Fluorescent Lymphography-Guided Lymphadenectomy During Robotic Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. JAMA surgery 2019;154:150-8.
27. Huang CM, et al. Prognostic impact of dissected lymph node count on patients with node-negative gastric cancer. World journal of gastroenterology 2009;15:3926-30.
28. Smith DD, et al. Impact of total lymph node count on staging and survival after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: data from a large US-population database. Journal of Clinical Oncology Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2005;23:7114.
29. Son T, et al. Clinical implication of an insufficient number of examined lymph nodes after curative resection for gastric cancer. Cancer 2012;118:4687-93.
30. Seevaratnam R, et al. A meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 lymph node dissection. Gastric Cancer 2012;15:60-9.
31. Chance B. Near-infrared images using continuous, phase-modulated, and pulsed light with quantitation of blood and blood oxygenation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;838:29-45.
32. Cianchi F, et al. The Clinical Value of Fluorescent Lymphography with Indocyanine Green During Robotic Surgery for Gastric Cancer: a Matched Cohort Study. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2019.
33. Lan YT, et al. A pilot study of lymph node mapping with indocyanine green in robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. 2017;5:2050312117727444.
34. Patti MG and Herbella FA. Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Retrieval During Radical Dissection in Gastric Cancer Surgery. JAMA surgery 2020.
35. Bonenkamp JJ, et al. Quality control of lymph node dissection in the Dutch randomized trial of D1 and D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:152-9.
36. De Steur WO, et al. Quality control of lymph node dissection in the Dutch Gastric Cancer Trial. British Journal of Surgery 2015;102:1388-93.
37. Park YK, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted versus Open D2 Distal Gastrectomy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Results From a Randomized Phase II Multicenter Clinical Trial (COACT 1001). Ann Surg 2018;267:638-45.
38. Claassen YHM, et al. Surgicopathological Quality Control and Protocol Adherence to Lymphadenectomy in the CRITICS Gastric Cancer Trial. Ann Surg 2018;268:1008-13.
39. Claassen YHM, et al. Association between hospital volume and quality of gastric cancer surgery in the CRITICS trial. The British journal of surgery 2018;105:728-35.
40. Chen QY, et al. Laparoscopic total gastrectomy for upper-middle advanced gastric cancer: analysis based on lymph node noncompliance. Gastric Cancer 2020;23:184-94.
41. Eom BW, et al. Improved survival after adding dissection of the superior mesenteric vein lymph node (14v) to standard D2 gastrectomy for advanced distal gastric cancer. Surgery 2014;155:408-16.
42. Chen QY, et al. Safety and prognostic impact of prophylactic laparoscopic superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v) lymph node dissection for lower-third gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched case-control study. Surgical endoscopy 2018;32:1495-505.
43. Skubleny D, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of sentinel lymph node biopsy using indocyanine green and infrared or fluorescent imaging in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgical endoscopy 2018;32:2620-31.
2. Kitano S, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted Billroth I gastrectomy. Surgical laparoscopy & endoscopy 1994;4:146-8.
3. Yu J, et al. Effect of Laparoscopic vs Open Distal Gastrectomy on 3-Year Disease-Free Survival in Patients With Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: The CLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 2019;321:1983-92.
4. Kim HH, et al. Effect of Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy vs Open Distal Gastrectomy on Long-term Survival Among Patients With Stage I Gastric Cancer: The KLASS-01 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA oncology 2019.
5. Gioux S, et al. Image-guided surgery using invisible near-infrared light: fundamentals of clinical translation. Molecular imaging 2010;9:237-55.
6. Schaafsma BE, et al. The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery. J Surg Oncol 2011;104:323-32.
7. Vahrmeijer AL, et al. Image-guided cancer surgery using near-infrared fluorescence. Nature reviews Clinical oncology 2013;10:507-18.
8. FDA. Product Insert: Indocyanine Green (IC-Green TM ) [online]. http:// www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/011525s017lbl.pdf. 2013.
9. Landsman ML, et al. Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. Journal of applied physiology 1976;40:575-83.
10. Kong SH, et al. Evaluation of the novel near-infrared fluorescence tracers pullulan polymer nanogel and indocyanine green/γ-glutamic acid complex for sentinel lymph node navigation surgery in large animal models. Gastric Cancer 2015;18:55-64.
11. Hiratsuka M, et al. Application of sentinel node biopsy to gastric cancer surgery. Surgery 2001;129:335-40.
12. Miyashiro I, et al. Detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging: comparison with infrared imaging. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1640-3.
13. Tajima Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in gastric cancer. Ann Surg 2009;249:58-62.
14. Tajima Y, et al. Sentinel node mapping guided by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging during laparoscopic surgery in gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1787-93.
15. Chen QY, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Dissection During Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy in Patients With Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA surgery 2020.
16. Association JGC. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 2020.
17. Chen D, et al. Association of the Collagen Signature in the Tumor Microenvironment With Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Gastric Cancer. JAMA surgery 2019;154:e185249.
18. Tani T, et al. Sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for gastric cancer: Does it really benefit the patient? World journal of gastroenterology 2016;22:2894-9.
19. Miyashiro I, et al. Laparoscopic detection of sentinel node in gastric cancer surgery by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. Surgical endoscopy 2011;25:1672-6.
20. M H, et al. Diagnostic value of near-infrared or fluorescent indocyanine green guided sentinel lymph node mapping in gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of surgical oncology 2018;118:1243-56.
21. Miyashiro I, et al. High false-negative proportion of intraoperative histological examination as a serious problem for clinical application of sentinel node biopsy for early gastric cancer: final results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group multicenter trial JCOG0302. Gastric Cancer 2014;17:316-23.
22. Hatta W, et al. Is radical surgery necessary in all patients who do not meet the curative criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection in early gastric cancer? A multi-center retrospective study in Japan. Journal of gastroenterology 2017;52:175-84.
23. Roh CK, et al. Indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography during gastrectomy after initial endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. The British journal of surgery 2020.
24. Ajani JA, et al. Gastric Cancer, Version 4.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Jnccn 2019:MS-11-4.
25. Kim TH, et al. Assessment of the Completeness of Lymph Node Dissection Using Near-infrared Imaging with Indocyanine Green in Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Journal of gastric cancer 2018;18:161-71.
26. Kwon IG, et al. Fluorescent Lymphography-Guided Lymphadenectomy During Robotic Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. JAMA surgery 2019;154:150-8.
27. Huang CM, et al. Prognostic impact of dissected lymph node count on patients with node-negative gastric cancer. World journal of gastroenterology 2009;15:3926-30.
28. Smith DD, et al. Impact of total lymph node count on staging and survival after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: data from a large US-population database. Journal of Clinical Oncology Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2005;23:7114.
29. Son T, et al. Clinical implication of an insufficient number of examined lymph nodes after curative resection for gastric cancer. Cancer 2012;118:4687-93.
30. Seevaratnam R, et al. A meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 lymph node dissection. Gastric Cancer 2012;15:60-9.
31. Chance B. Near-infrared images using continuous, phase-modulated, and pulsed light with quantitation of blood and blood oxygenation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;838:29-45.
32. Cianchi F, et al. The Clinical Value of Fluorescent Lymphography with Indocyanine Green During Robotic Surgery for Gastric Cancer: a Matched Cohort Study. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2019.
33. Lan YT, et al. A pilot study of lymph node mapping with indocyanine green in robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. 2017;5:2050312117727444.
34. Patti MG and Herbella FA. Indocyanine Green Tracer-Guided Lymph Node Retrieval During Radical Dissection in Gastric Cancer Surgery. JAMA surgery 2020.
35. Bonenkamp JJ, et al. Quality control of lymph node dissection in the Dutch randomized trial of D1 and D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:152-9.
36. De Steur WO, et al. Quality control of lymph node dissection in the Dutch Gastric Cancer Trial. British Journal of Surgery 2015;102:1388-93.
37. Park YK, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted versus Open D2 Distal Gastrectomy for Advanced Gastric Cancer: Results From a Randomized Phase II Multicenter Clinical Trial (COACT 1001). Ann Surg 2018;267:638-45.
38. Claassen YHM, et al. Surgicopathological Quality Control and Protocol Adherence to Lymphadenectomy in the CRITICS Gastric Cancer Trial. Ann Surg 2018;268:1008-13.
39. Claassen YHM, et al. Association between hospital volume and quality of gastric cancer surgery in the CRITICS trial. The British journal of surgery 2018;105:728-35.
40. Chen QY, et al. Laparoscopic total gastrectomy for upper-middle advanced gastric cancer: analysis based on lymph node noncompliance. Gastric Cancer 2020;23:184-94.
41. Eom BW, et al. Improved survival after adding dissection of the superior mesenteric vein lymph node (14v) to standard D2 gastrectomy for advanced distal gastric cancer. Surgery 2014;155:408-16.
42. Chen QY, et al. Safety and prognostic impact of prophylactic laparoscopic superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v) lymph node dissection for lower-third gastric cancer: a propensity score-matched case-control study. Surgical endoscopy 2018;32:1495-505.
43. Skubleny D, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of sentinel lymph node biopsy using indocyanine green and infrared or fluorescent imaging in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgical endoscopy 2018;32:2620-31.